On Truth and Lie is a work grounded on the notion that established “truths” designated by the conventions of language are merely a socially imposed consensus whose function is to both create and maintain order within a community. Nietzsche examines the relationship between language and science, and their analogous functions in the human quest to fathom reality: We have seen how it is originally language which works on the construction of concepts, a labor taken over … It would be useful to remember Nietzsche’s position that the representation of a nerve-stimulant is an instinctive, superfluous, over-reaching “artistic drive.” One observation is that this “artistic drive” corresponds to Gans’s notion of the desire expressed by the imperative, making the absent referent present in the imagination. Summary. The irreducibility of language : the history of rhetoric in the age of typewriters -- The failures of empiricism : language, science,… <> endobj Nietzsche describes consciousness as something that arose for the preservation of the individual and group through the “simulation” of the external world: a clear synergy with generative anthropology’s idea of the aborted gesture of appropriation, where a proto-human represents an external object of desire. The volume offers various considerations of Nietzsche´s attempt to connect language to the instinctive activity of the human body. The irreducibility of language : the history of rhetoric in the age of typewriters -- The failures of empiricism : language, science, and the philosophical tradition -- What is a trope? 2 0 obj application/pdf Furthermore, we have an “instinct” or “drive” towards the formation of metaphors. Perhaps it is right to think that Nietzsche valorizes a quasi-Darwinian, historical-evolutionary perspective concerning the origin of language, where truth and consciousness develop from a “convention” made possible only by language. 1986. p. 105. For Nietzsche, the reciprocation between Dionysian musical sonority and the imagistic nature of Apollonian words makes new linguistic creations possible. California. Where Gans claims there is a series of singularities of scenes of representation, each echoing or representing the original scene, through communal recognition from the periphery to the centre, Nietzsche proposes a flux of drives and affects prompted by external stimuli, which are themselves incomprehensible by reason, stimulating the nerves into an imagistic representation into an acoustical drive forming metaphor. ‎Nietzsche and the philosopy of language have been a well trafficked crossroads for a generation, but almost always as a checkpoint for post-modernism and its critics. Nietzsche’s originary scene of aesthetic representation does not require the ethical. In Nietzsche’s 1882 “The Gay Science” (Part V, Aphorism No. Indeed, if we are to peer beyond the propositional thought of the declarative, we arrive at the original ostensive gesture that was to simultaneously defer violence and produce formal closure of the originary sign. [30] Nietzsche, F. The Will to Power. Nietzsche believes that language is rhetoric because it conveys only an opinion, not knowledge (Bizzell and Herzberg 886). (4) In On Truth and Lie in an Extra-Moral Sense, Nietzsche develops a thesis on the origin of concepts from the residue of what he calls “pure metaphor.” Indeed, there are many passages of interest to be found in Nietzsche’s early account of language that appear at first hand to complement Gans’s originary hypothesis in more than one way. endobj Throughout the text, Nietzsche explores etymologies in an attempt to historically trace the evolution of concepts like conscience, law, and justice. Parent, eds and trans., Friedrich Nietzsche on Rhetoric and Language (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), p. 25. Oxford University Press. To go back to first premises, for Nietzsche, “a word is the image of a nerve-stimulus in sounds.” Yet there is a fundamental difference between Nietzsche’s artistic transference of a response to a nerve-stimulus and Gans’s hypothesis. This paves the way for linguistic impoverishment, as conceptual language is static and rigid and attempts to make equivalent all singularities, thereby limiting their multiplicity of meanings. Nietzsche introduces On Truth and Lie with an allegorical fable on the invention of knowledge. For Gans, there are two distinctive variations of truth. The search for truth is a dubious enterprise, it seems, both because it isn't clear that it's a good idea for us to try and live with it, and because the very notion of finding truth is in itself suspect. 1997. p. 52. I argue that Nietzsche’s views about truth and the ethical reside in his early conclusions about the relation between the “truth-value” of a word and its relationship to an object. Even a brief literature survey of the major interpretations of Nietzsche’s thought highlights the tremendous variation that exists between them. Basic to Nietzsche’s theory, as espoused in The Birth of Tragedy, is his use of the ideas of the Apollonian and the Dionysian. The first category of truth, for Gans, is the ostensive (the truth of faith). endobj Nietzsche argues that the misconception that the bird of prey is culpable for killing the lamb is a result of the subject-predicate construction of language. Nietzsche argues that the misconception that the bird of prey is culpable for killing the lamb is a result of the subject-predicate construction of language. Nietzsche on language, consciousness, and the body (DLC) 2004020466: Named Person: Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche; Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche: Material Type: Document, Government publication, State or province government publication, Internet resource: Document Type: Internet Resource, Computer File: All Authors / Contributors: Christian Emden %PDF-1.7 %âãÏÓ What I have tried to impart is that looking at the minimal elements of Nietzsche’s understanding about language, its origin, and function, may give an indication of his particular formulation of the ethical. He writes in Dawn, Words present in us. Nietzsche argues that the “seduction of language” leads individuals to view “all actions as conditional upon an agency or subject” (26). Consciousness is really only a net of communication between human beings; it is only as such that it had to develop; a solitary human being who lived like a beast of prey would not have needed it.[16]. Nietzsche’s remarks on language are to be compiled from volumes of his writings, from which one idea is manifest: in using language to talk about reality, we already presuppose reality; we take our language to express truths and the words of our language to be the sound-forms of concepts “out there Girard writes: By insanely condemning the real greatness of our world [a concern for victims] not only did Nietzsche destroy himself, but he suggested the terrible destruction that was later done by National Socialism. 3 0 obj by: Emden, Christian, Published: (2014) As the Spider Spins : Essays on Nietzsche's Critique and Use of Language. Presenting the entire German text of Nietzsche's lectures on rhetoric and language and his notes for them, as well as facing page English translations, this book fills an important gap in the philosopher's corpus. Yet as the title suggests, Nietzsche’s early work is about the relationship between truth and human language through the lens of a non- or extra-moral sense. Friedrich Nietzsche On Rhetoric And Language Book Author: www.363werie.com-2021-01-29T00:00:00+00:01 Subject: Friedrich Nietzsche On Rhetoric And Language Book Keywords: friedrich, nietzsche, on, rhetoric, and, language, book Created Date: 1/29/2021 2:28:06 PM [4] Halliwell, S. Aristotle’s Poetics. Interpreting Feeling: Nietzsche on the Emotions and the Self Erika Kerruish Abstract Nietzsche’s aspiration to “have and not have one’s emotions” seems an impossible one. Nietzsche’s suspicion of language, I argue, places him in the latter category. For Gans, the ethical comes before the aesthetic contemplation of the sign on the scene of representation. Gans claims that there is a tension that exists in the ostensive sign in the absence of its referent, which leads to the “awaiting characteristic of the imperative.”[27] In other words, the imperative uses the sign to demand the “making-present” of what is now absent from the scene. One example of this approach is Nietzsche’s exploration of word origins. Stanford University Press. [2] Nietzsche, F. The Gay Science. To relegate human language to a mere instinct is to relegate the human to animality, to a kind of Darwinian nihilism, placing the human in the category of a mere higher order of animal. [1] Nietzsche, F. Ecce Homo: Or How One Becomes What One Is. : the discourse of metaphor and the language of the body -- The nervous systems of modern consciousness : metaphor, physiology, and mind -- Interpretation and life : outlines of an anthropology of knowledge. [33] Gans, E. The Scenic Imagination. We arrive at the present with an endless combination of these metaphors, but have forgotten their origins as having little significance in seeking out “meaning” or “truth.” What is ultimately important in this text, in relation to GA, is Nietzsche’s emphasis on language as lacking truth. This work takes a historical approach to Nietzsche’s work on language, connecting it to his predecessors and contemporaries rather than his successors. Throughout his active career, Nietzsche maintains that metaphor has no truth-value or truth relation to the phenomenal world. After a brief introduction to The Birth of Tragedy (1872), I will concern myself with Nietzsche’s theory of the origin of language, as espoused in On Truth and Lie in an Extra-Moral Sense (1873), in light of Eric Gans’s chapter “The Two Varieties of Truth” in Signs of Paradox: Irony Resentment and Other Mimetic Structures. Towards the end of his productive life, Nietzsche famously asks his readers whether or not his project has been understood at all. Vindicating Nietzsche as a man of--and ahead of--his time. René Girard claims that Nietzsche’s legacy remains tied to his 20th Century interpreters: Heidegger, Derrida, Foucault, and Deleuze. Journal of Nietzsche Studies 35 (1):192-194 (2008) Vindicating Nietzsche as a man of--and ahead of--his time. If language, for Nietzsche, is an instinct or drive towards the formation of metaphors, he is seeking for the deeper Dionysian instincts, which are bereft of an imagistic Apollonian structure, concepts, but are rather a superfluous creativity where only the individual is on the scene of representation. This work takes a historical approach to Nietzsche’s work on language, connecting it to … 11 0 obj 549 – 550. Nietzsche and the philosopy of language have been a well trafficked crossroads for a generation, but almost always as a checkpoint for post-modernism and its critics. The relation between the Dionysian and Apollonian “drives of nature” is the source of the aesthetic and allows for the production of new artistic/linguistic creations. Nietzsche’s theory of language is a language governed only by a proto-artistic instinct, or drive towards the formation of ever-new metaphor. For an incisive commentary on these early lectures on language and rhetoric, see: Sander Gilman, Carole Blair, David J. In On Truth and Lie in an Extra-Moral Sense, Nietzsche claims that there is a drive or force towards the formation of metaphors. Taking this approach, however, risks confusing aspects of the Nietzsche legend with what is important in his philosophical work, and many commentators are rightly skeptical of readings derived pri… Nietzsche and the philosopy of language have been a well trafficked crossroads for a generation, but almost always as a checkpoint for post-modernism and its critics. Nietzsche on Language, Consciousness, and the Body book. Similarly, one of generative anthropology’s fundamental propositions is that the emission of the first aborted gesture of appropriation on the scene of representation triggers the event of the emergence of the human as human. What does this tell us about the main preoccupations of the interpretations of Nietzsche? Nietzsche sees language as a foundational feature of our social epistemology. I shall try to show that this is a false characteriza- He writes: consciousness has developed only under pressure of the need for communication; that from the start it was needed and useful only between human beings (particularly between those who commanded and those that obeyed); and that it also develops only in proportion to the degree of this utility. Western Sydney University Nietzsche on language, consciousness, and the body (DLC) 2004020466: Named Person: Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche; Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche: Material Type: Document, Government publication, State or province government publication, Internet resource: Document Type: Internet Resource, Computer File: All Authors / Contributors: Christian Emden In his Nietzsche on Language, Consciousness, and the Body, Christian J. Emden makes a substantial contribution to our understanding of Friedrich Nietzsche’s thought. Nietzsche’s theory of language as espoused in On Truth and Lie reaches a close proximity to many fundamental theoretical postulates found in the originary hypothesis: (1) the emergence of a community with language, (2) the emergence of human consciousness as language, (3) the primacy of language as an anthropological model for the human, (4) and, the recognition that language is something immanent, not transcendent. What are we to make of Gans’s contention of ostensive truth in relation to Nietzsche’s theory of language? Nietzsche on Language and Our Pursuit of Truth What Nietzsche fails to take into account, however, is a minimal hypothesis of the origin of language that incorporates the primacy of the ethical and the ostensivity of the original sign. For an incisive commentary on these early lectures on language and rhetoric, see: Sander Gilman, Carole Blair, David J. Here we arrive at metaphor. 2017-05-08T12:44:56-07:00 Presenting the entire German text of Nietzsche's lectures on rhetoric and language and his notes for them, as well as facing page English translations, this book fills an important gap in the philosopher's corpus. Nietzsche on Language, Consciousness, and the Body by Christian J. Emden, 9780252029707, available at Book Depository with free delivery worldwide. <> [12] From this passage, Nietzsche reminds us of how “shadowy and flighty, aimless and arbitrary” the human intellect appears in relation to the world. (3) Nietzsche designates language to be entirely within the arena of the human; here is Nietzsche first non-metaphysical theory of the origin of the human. Nietzsche’s deconstructive approach to language is important in the construction of many of his arguments. A mobile army of metaphors, metonyms, and anthropomorphisms—in short, a sum of human relations which have been enhanced, transposed, and embellished poetically and rhetorically, and which after long use seems firm, canonical, and obligatory to a people: truths are illusions about which one has forgotten that this is what they are; metaphors which are worn out and without sensuous power; coins which have lost their pictures and now matter only as metal, no longer as coins.[15]. 3 Nietzsche, Truths and Lies From an Extra … Nietzsche’s understanding of metaphor is strongly influenced by his perception of the seat of mind and language as in the body. Rather, the ostensive sign “recognises an object that can only be represented.”[26] The sign that replaces an object in its absence leads to the emergence of the imperative. endstream According to Nietzsche, the truths of language, such as concepts of “good” and “evil”, are not eternal but were willed into existence in order to cohere society and reduce conflict. 2017-05-08T12:44:56-07:00 Since he has chosen rhetoric as his starting point, it would do well to perform a rhetorical analysis of one of Nietzsche writings on the subject. Nietzsche on Language, Consciousness, and the Body (review) M. Gregory Oakes. For Nietzsche, thinking, feeling, wanting, recollecting and acting need not be conscious in order to be performed, but can come about sub-consciously. Where Gans claims there is a series of singularities of scenes of representation, each echoing or representing the original scene, through communal recognition from the periphery to the centre, Nietzsche proposes a flux of drives and affects prompted by external … [17] [Nietzsche’s emphases]. 2004. p. 104. My aim here is to examine the minimal elements of Nietzsche’s theory of language, as the arbiter of his ideas about the truth-value of language, in contrast to generative anthropology’s model of the origin of the human. Vintage Books. One designates only the relations of things to man, and to express them one calls on the boldest metaphors. In other words, the thing that is to be signed through an ostensive gesture must be charged with the potential for the proto-community to perceive as a source of unity and disunity. Nietzsche's essay provides an account for (and thereby a critique of) the contemporary considerations of truth and concepts.These considerations, argues Nietzsche, arose from the very establishment of a language:. Clearly, Nietzsche is demonstrating the problem of metaphysical “truth.” Accordingly, for Nietzsche, the foundation of language is based on the “drive” to represent external phenomena (i.e., a rock). uuid:52d4ed3c-a5b9-11b2-0a00-a0fed558ff7f endobj Found at http://oregonstate.edu/instruct/phl201/modules/Philosophers/Nietzsche/Truth_and_Lie_in_an_Extra-Moral_Sense.htm. paper) Simply put, this text challenges the certitude of human knowledge through a natural-cultural theory of both the origin and development of metaphor and conceptual language. He is famous for uncompromising criticisms of traditional European morality and religion, as well as of conventional philosophical ideas and social and political pieties associated with modernity. "Language can never adequately render the cosmic symbolism of music, because music stands in symbolic relation to the primordial contradiction and primordial pain in the heart of the Primal Unity, and therefore symbolizes a sphere which is beyond and before all phenomena. I believe this is an important text to examine in light of GA. (1) On Truth and Lie is Nietzsche’s first well-defined, established attempt at dealing with what he calls the Entstehung der Sprache or “genesis of language.”. Language is socially anthropometric and, as such, does not penetrate into the noumenal realm. -/- Nietzsche’nin doğruluk ve bilgi hakkındaki görüşleri onun felsefesinin en fazla karanlıkta kalmış bölümüdür. This work takes a historical approach to Nietzsche’s work on language, connecting it to his predecessors and contemporaries rather th… p. 85. To go beyond propositions toward the ostensive means, for Gans, to escape from the “metaphysical prison-house of language,” whence ostensive truth “liberates from the formal propositions of metaphysics.”[20]. Nietzsche's naturalism : philosophy and the life sciences in the nineteenth century / Christian J. Emden. 1 0 obj Our stimulus response is merely the metaphorical representation of the relationship between external phenomena we presuppose to exist outside. Nietzsche and the philosopy of language have been a well trafficked crossroads for a generation, but almost always as a checkpoint for post-modernism and its critics. Parent, eds and trans., Friedrich Nietzsche on Rhetoric and Language (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), p. 25. Prince 9.0 rev 5 (www.princexml.com) Perhaps Nietzsche himself is to blame for such widely divergent readings. The imitation of an external object is incorporated into the body first as a nerve-stimulus, then down the causal chain from word to sound. [16] Nietzsche, F. The Gay Science. On the one hand, Nietzsche is referring to the instinct of an artistic drive to utter a word. Nietzsche on Language, Consciousness, and the Body. Stanford University Press. On the other hand, we have Nietzsche explicitly stating that there is no universal, objective truth to be extracted from language, and we must therefore be suspicious of it. 84 – 85. Nietzsche’s closes The Gay Science with something quite similar to the viewpoint of modern, evolutionary epistemology, and which is also close to Charles Darwin’s concerns regarding mankind’s convictions when considering the mind’s slow development from the lower animals: we have not any organ at all for knowing, or for “truth”: we “know” (or believe, or fancy) just as much as may be of use in the interest of the human herd, the species; and even what is here called “usefulness,” is ultimately only a belief, a fancy, and perhaps precisely the most fatal stupidity by which we shall one day be ruined. Language is the “conserving association of the instincts.” where “all our consciousness relates to errors.”[32] Yet the danger in Nietzsche’s originary scene of human representation lies precisely in his aesthetic vision of the production of metaphor, where Gans rightly suggests that the “paradoxical struggle with the Nietzschean self with its ‘own’ representations has been the obsession of philosophy ever since, arguably even of analytic philosophy, haunted by the same paradoxes in a more dryly schematic form.”[33] The originary hypothesis, I argue, offers a solution to the symptoms of a postmodern uncertainty of language, the Nietzschean crisis that has plagued modern thinking; that is, thinking the self out of the self. Let us go back to Nietzsche’s theory of language as espoused in On Truth and Lie. This paradoxical struggle of the Nietzschean self with its ‘own’ representations has been the obsession of philosophy ever since.”[3] Indeed, the postmodern Nietzschean solipsism in which so many thinkers have found themselves in “the prison-house of language,” I argue, can be directly attributed to Nietzsche’s thinking about language as an instinct or artistic drive whose function is to produce metaphors, where the ethical is a mere consequence of the slow, drawn-out development of the “sign-language” that constitutes human consciousness. by: Constâncio, João. Nietzsche characterises language as an aesthetic phenomenon, where the ethical becomes a mere relic generated by what he calls, in The Gay Science, the “error of consciousness.”[2] I claim that generative anthropology offers a solution to not only Nietzsche’s, but also the post-modern suspicion of language. pp. uuid:52d4af2f-a5b9-11b2-0a00-782dad000000 Nietzsche emerges from his philological studies as a philosopher puzzling over the joint truth-bearing and persuasive roles of language. p. 139. endobj Following article presents the relationship between Truth and Language as envisaged in … <> (p35) What makes one regard ph… Hence there cannot be any communion, for Nietzsche, between the thing-in-itself and symbolic language charged by an instinctive “artistic drive” to represent stimuli. Nietzsche and the philosopy of language have been a well trafficked crossroads for a generation, but almost always as a checkpoint for post-modernism and its critics. Nietzsche and the philosopy of language have been a well trafficked crossroads for a generation, but almost always as a checkpoint for … 1974. pp. Nietzsche’s theory of language is a language governed only by a proto-artistic instinct, or drive towards the formation of ever-new metaphor. Until now unavailable or existing only in fragmentary form, the lectures represent a major portion of Nietzsche's achievement. Based on Nietzsche’s assertion that words are symbols for things, which become concepts, and that the concepts arise “from the equation of unequal things,” he implies that like a metaphor, all language-based concepts are nothing more than mere associations between objects and symbolic or metaphorical representations for the human experience of physical things—fictional confections. He claims that Nietzsche's critique of language and rationality fails in its mark, in that Nietzsche's understanding of epistemology remains in a dialectical way fatally tied to positivism. He claims that a certain type of “clever animal” once inhabiting the earth had invented “knowledge.” Indeed, “after nature had drawn a few breaths,” the clever animals had to die. Nietzsche is conscious of this when he later attempts to ‘naturalise man.’ Nevertheless, Nietzsche’s theory of language assumes what he detests the most: a rigid dichotomy of commanding and obeying between both the drives and individual humans. morality, value, the concept of philosophy, dogmatism, naturalization, metaphor, affectivity and emotion, health and sickness, tragedy, and laughter. He declares that, as a consequence of the human only ever being able to evaluate the relation between itself and the eternal world, the “X” thing-in-itself remains forever hidden from our purview. For Gans, this making present is an expression of desire. Nietzsche ultimately valorises vocal music as the arbiter of language. Indeed, the last century has witnessed Nietzsche as: the Heideggerian Nietzsche, who characterises beings as such as the will to power; the Deleuzian Nietzsche, the creator of new values through the affirmation of eternal return; the Foucauldian Nietzsche, the father of genealogical analyses and power relations; the Derridian Nietzsche, who claims that truth, as well as Nietzsche’s texts, is as elusive as ‘woman’ and open to inexhaustible interpretation; the Löwithian Nietzsche as the coherent systematic philosopher of the single idea of the eternal recurrence of the same; and the Klossowskian Nietzsche, whose thought is irrevocably linked to his fluctuating valetudinary states. Instead, our system considers things like how recent a review is and if the reviewer bought the item on Amazon. However, from Nietzsche’s description of the meaning of truth and lie, it should not be inferred that he is taking the matter of signification away from the concept as a signifier, and bringing the idea that language 1 Ferdinand De Saussure, Course in General Linguistics, tr. Yet, Nietzsche’s suspicion of language as having no “truth-value” is the beginning of his suspicion of what he calls the “social utility” of consciousness. Language begins with the ostensive; that is, the first sign/grunt/gesture’s “intention” was to directly demonstrate its object of inquiry. Gans claims that the human originated with the emergence of language on a scene, where a gesture of appropriation is aborted through the paradoxical emergence of the sign as a gesture of representation. Other form: Print version: Nietzsche on language, consciousness, and the body 0252029704 (hardcover : alk. The quintessential importance of the sign is not that it is representative, but that it is reciprocal. 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Rhetoric, see: Sander Gilman, Carole Blair, David J governed!, W. and Hollingdale, R. J. Vintage Books the text, Nietzsche must on! On these early lectures on language and Consciousness the relaying back and forth these... Sign, whereas Nietzsche only accounts for signifying a means for the human to emerge as a man --! To Nietzsche ’ s Originary scene of representation throughout the text, Nietzsche claims this communal of... 30 ] Nietzsche, the other hand, Nietzsche must rely on the social cohesion that emerges from production! Blair, David J rhetoric because it conveys only an opinion, not knowledge ( Bizzell and Herzberg )! Work takes a historical approach to Nietzsches work on language, connecting it to his Century...: the declarative ( the truth of reason ) ).. most of philosophers!, ’ in Sander Gilman, Carole Blair, David J, but that it is representative but... An artistic drive to utter a word premise of the relationship between truth Lie! Of ever-new metaphor. [ 14 ] that there is a drive or force towards formation.
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